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Phases of Aramaic

Aramaic lexicons often stratify the language into its many overlapping periods and dialects with diachronic implications for their entries. These technical abbreviations are difficult for non-Aramaic specialists to hold in mind. For example, the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon (CAL) is a magnificent tool. The corpora of an item’s attested usage are, as a rule, listed in…

Features of Hebrew

Of the 101 linguistic developments analyzed in the NWS branches of Iron Age II, Randall Garr lists a combination of 32 as identifying the Hebrew dialect. He forewarns, “No two linguistic features have the identical distribution among these [NWS] dialects” (2004: 205, 225–35). While sharp borders do not exist (hence Garr’s use of dialect instead…

Timeline of the Northwest Semitic Family Tree

Reconstructed languages or language subgroups are in italic font; all other languages are historically witnessed.© Joshua C. Sherrill, 2026. Bibliography Rubin, Aaron D. 2010. A Brief Introduction to the Semitic Languages. Piscatawy, NJ: Gorgias (pages 3–21). Huehnergard, John, and Naʾama Pat-El. 2019. “Introduction to the Semitic Languages and Their History.” Pages 1–21 in The Semitic Languages.…